Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in affected patients.
Tests generally appear in the order most useful for common clinical situations
| Test name: Glucose, Plasma or Serum |
| ARUP #: 0020024 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Enzymatic |
| Use: Diagnose DM |
| Test name: Glucose Tolerance Test |
| ARUP #: 0020542 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Enzymatic |
| Use: Diagnose DM Components include glucose, fasting and glucose, 2-hour |
| Test name: Hemoglobin A1C |
| ARUP #: 0070426 |
| Methodology: Quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Boronate Affinity |
| Use: Diagnose or monitor DM (in adults) Diagnosis should be confirmed with a repeated test |
| Limitations: Unstable hemoglobins or hemolytic anemia may yield falsely low results Iron deficiency anemia may yield falsely high results |
| Test name: Glucose Screen, Pregnancy |
| ARUP #: 0020047 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Enzymatic |
| Use: Screen for GDM |
| Test name: Microalbumin, Urine |
| ARUP #: 0050203 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Immunoturbidimetric |
| Use: Monitor diabetic nephropathy in DM |
| Test name: Lipid Panel |
| ARUP #: 0020421 |
| Methodology: Refer to individual components |
| Use: Use for monitoring for dyslipidemia in DM Panel includes total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (calculated), appearance, VLDL cholesterol (calculated) |
| Test name: Glomerular Filtration Rate, Estimated |
| ARUP #: 0020725 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Enzymatic/Calculation |
| Use: Use for monitoring for renal insufficiency in DM |
| Test name: Hepatic Function Panel |
| ARUP #: 0020416 |
| Methodology: Refer to individual components. |
| Use: Assess and monitor risk for steatohepatitis Panel includes albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, and protein |
| Test name: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
| ARUP #: 0070145 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Electrochemiluminescent Immunoassay |
| Use: Assess and monitor risk for thyroid disease |
| Test name: Albumin, Glycated |
| ARUP #: 0080700 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Boronate Affinity Chromatography/Immunoturbidimetric |
| Use: Use for monitoring GDM or shortened red-cell survival |
| Test name: Fructosamine |
| ARUP #: 0099012 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Spectrophotometry |
| Use: Alternative, not first-line, means of monitoring DM |
| Limitations: Variations in levels of serum proteins can affect results High levels of ascorbic acid interfere with the assay |
| Test name: 1,5 Anhydroglucitol (GlycoMark®) |
| ARUP #: 0081335 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Enzymatic |
| Use: Monitoring postprandial hyperglycemia and short-term glycemic control when hemoglobin A1c is 6.1-7.9% |
| Limitations: Do not use in poorly controlled disease because test is not sensitive In patients with poorly controlled DM 1,5-AG is less sensitive to modest changes in glycemic control due to continuous glycosuria Decreased in individuals with renal glucose thresholds that are markedly different from 180 mg/dL (eg, chronic renal failure, pregnancy, dialysis) and in those undergoing steroid therapy Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors can decrease 1,5-AG by interfering with intestinal absorption |
| Test name: Insulin Antibody |
| ARUP #: 0099228 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Radioimmunoassay |
| Comments: May aid in proband diagnosis or predict development of DM type 2 |
| Test name: IA-2 Antibody |
| ARUP #: 0050202 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Radioimmunoassay |
| Comments: Aid in the diagnosis and confirmation of DM Best predictor of DM type 1 in siblings |
| Test name: Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody |
| ARUP #: 2001771 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
| Comments: Aid in the diagnosis and confirmation of DM May be found in patients who eventually develop DM type 1 |
| Test name: Islet Cell Antibody, IgG |
| ARUP #: 0050138 |
| Methodology: Semi-Quantitative Indirect Fluorescent Antibody |
| Comments: Aid in the diagnosis and confirmation of DM in family members of probands |
| Test name: C-Peptide, Serum or Plasma |
| ARUP #: 0070103 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Chemiluminescent Immunoassay |
| Comments: Not useful in DM monitoring |
| Test name: Insulin, Free and Total |
| ARUP #: 0070155 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Ultrafiltration/Quantitative Chemiluminescent Immunoassay |
| Comments: Not useful in DM monitoring |
| Test name: Insulin, Random |
| ARUP #: 0070107 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Chemiluminescent Immunoassay |
| Comments: Not useful in diagnosing or monitoring of DM |
| Test name: Insulin, Fasting |
| ARUP #: 0070063 |
| Methodology: Quantitative Chemiluminescent Immunoassay |
| Comments: Not useful in diagnosing or monitoring of DM |
| Test name: Haptoglobin (HP) Genotyping |
| ARUP #: 0040116 |
| Methodology: Polymerase Chain Reaction/Fluorescence Monitoring |
| Comments: Not useful in diagnosis or monitoring of DM Aid in prediction of cardiovascular risk in patients with DM |
| Test name: PreDx Diabetes Risk Profile |
| ARUP #: 2004263 |
| Methodology: Immunoassay, Enzymatic/High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| Comments: Component results for glucose, HbA1c, insulin, hsCRP, ferritin, adiponectin, interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2Ra) are used in the diabetes risk score calculation |